Course Content
1. Arduino UNO Board
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2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
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3. Motor Driver Module (L293D or L298N)
A motor driver module is required because Arduino cannot directly supply enough current to run DC motors. The L293D or L298N motor driver acts as a bridge between Arduino and motors, enabling direction and speed control. It uses an H-Bridge circuit to allow motors to run forward, backward, or stop. In this project, Arduino sends control signals to the driver, which then powers the DC motors accordingly. Without the motor driver, the motors would not function properly. This component ensures safe operation by isolating Arduino from high motor currents while enabling full robot movement.
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4. DC Geared Motors
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5. Robot Chassis
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7. Jumper Wires
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8. Breadboard (Optional)
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9. Battery Holder / Power Supply
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Circuit Diagram
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Arduino Obstacle Avoiding Course

    A breadboard is a reusable platform used for prototyping electronic circuits without soldering. It has rows and columns of holes connected internally with metal strips. Components and jumper wires can be inserted into the breadboard to create temporary circuits. In this project, a breadboard may be included to connect the ultrasonic sensor or motor driver before final assembly. It allows beginners to experiment and learn circuit design without permanent connections. Although not always essential in the final robot, it is extremely helpful during learning, testing, and debugging of electronic circuits in robotics projects.